viernes, 8 de junio de 2007

Conductismo

Sin duda alguna es una de las corrientes que tuvo un gran auge en los Estados Unidos.

¿Pero qué es el conductismo?

Segun el Dictionary of Psychology, (934) es : " 1. Psicologia de la conducta. 2. Punto de vista teorico segun el cual todos los fenomenos psiquicos peden ser tratados adecuadamente por el metodo de la conducta. [Este punto de vista es antiguo; pero la escuela prpiamente dicha nacio con Watson (1913)."

Con esta definicion no se denota explicitamente una idea clara de conductismo, por lo que me veo en la obligacion de explicar de forma mas ondada los que es el conductismo.

El conductismo, es una corriente psicologica que surge en los Estados Unidos en el año 1924, teniendo como ideal principal el hacer la psicologia de manera tan cientifica como lo es la fisica. Es una corriente que a primeras contradijieron la instrospeccion, mediante el empleo de metodologias que tomaran en cuenta, exclusivamente, formas de comportamiento observable. Los psicologos conductistas sostenian que la psicologia debia ocuparse exclusivamente de los hechos observables de la conducta.

A continuacion introducire a dos de los precursores de esta corriente, Jhon Watson y Burrhus Frederich Skinner.

John Watson ( 1878-1958):
Es reconocido como el fundador de la corriente de psicologia, conductismo.
La teoria de Watson se basa en que a un estimulo le sigue una respuesta, siendo esta la interaccion entre el individuo y el medio.
Para Watson la psicologia debia tan solo trabajar con variables objetivas y manipulables, para poder controlar cientificamente la conducta de los organismos, inculido el hombre. Solo se considera del organismo lo externo, lo que puede ser observable.
El hombre no es otra cosa que la suma de condicionamientos habidos. Watson concibe la personalidad como el producto final de nuestros sistemas de hábitos. Negó la existencia de cualesquiera caracteres o facultades innatos.
Watson se dedico a estudiar todo lo que se relaciona con el hombre, es decir: el lenguaje, la personalidad, aprendizaje, en fin.
Cuando habla del lenguaje nos dice que: el lenguaje se adquiere por condicionamiento. En base a su teoria del lenguaje, Watson dijo que el pensamiento podia ser reducido a un conjunto de habitos de laringe.
Burrhus Frederich Skinner (1904-1990):
Skinner creìa fervientemente que la psicologìa debìa estudiar sòlo la conducta medible y observable . Tambièn estaba interesado en el cambio de la conducta en ese proceso . Su teorìa del reforzamiento consistìa en recompensar a sus sujetos por comportarse como el deseaba que lo hicieran , por ejemplo un animal era colocado en una jaula y dejaba que la explorara en la pared colocaba un disco y esta al picotear o presionar una palanca recibìa alimento y esto lo aprendìa ya que era recompensado o reforzado por hacerlo, de esta manera el animal se hizo un agente activo de su propio condicionamiento.
Skinner nos habla sobre la respuesta como operante, lo que da origen a la teoria desarrollada por el, que es el Condicionamiento Operante. Como señala Skinner: "Un comportamiento seguido por unos resultados reforzados por estímulos, es muy probable que dicho comportamiento vuelva a ocurrir en un futuro.." En la pagina de internet http://www.ansiedad-ataques-panico.com/condicionamiento-operante/
Ya visto a los principales exponentes de la psicologia conductista, ahora generaremos una suerte de paralelo con la actualidad, como se ve el conductismo en la psicologia hoy en dia.
El conductismo actual ha influido en la psicología de tres maneras: ha reemplazado la concepción mecánica de la relación estímulo-respuesta por otra más funcional que hace hincapié en el significado de las condiciones estimulares para el individuo; ha introducido el empleo del método experimental para el estudio de los casos individuales, y ha demostrado que los conceptos y los principios conductistas son útiles para ayudar a resolver problemas prácticos en diversas áreas de la psicología aplicada.
En la actualidad, el enfoque conductista es mucho más amplio y flexible que en tiempos de Watson. Los conductistas modernos todavía investigan estímulos, respuestas observables y aprendizaje. Pero también estudian cada vez más los fenómenos complicados, que no se pueden observar directamente, como el amor, la tensión, la empatía, la confianza y la personalidad. A este nuevo tipo de conductismo se le suele llamar neoconductismo ("neo significa nuevo) para distinguirlo del enfoque ortodoxo de Watson.
La principal característica de la postura neoconductista es su insistencia en planear preguntas muy precisas y bien delimitadas usando métodos objetivos y llevando a cabo una investigación minuciosa.
Bueno los invito a reflexionar en base a una pregunta muy interesante, ¿Que explica mejor la psicologia; mente o conducta?

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